The details of the offering were outlined on GSA's website and in a newsletter of the Center for Land Use Interpretation as unusual real estate listing # 6384, Johnston Island. The ground floor has a side building attached which served as a facility for decontamination that contained three long snaking corridors and 55 shower heads one could walk through during decontamination. It created a very brief fireball visible over a wide area, plus bright artificial auroras visible in Hawaii for several minutes. The Army's Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was the first full-scale chemical weapons disposal facility. However, the "Starfish", "Bluegill Prime", and "Bluegill Double Prime" test launch failures in 1962 scattered radioactive debris over Johnston Island contaminating it, the lagoon, and Sand Island with plutonium for decades.[27][42]. Their unwelcome presence can destroy ecosystems and cost millions of dollars. The collected radioactive soil and other debris was buried in a landfill created within the former LE-1 area from June 2002 through November 11, 2002. The island was regularly resupplied by ship or barge, and all foodstuffs and manufactured goods were imported. It is estimated that one jet with bioweapon spray "would probably be more efficient at causing human deaths than a ten-megaton hydrogen bomb. [22] Since then, U.S. defense authorities have surveyed the island in a series of studies. A yellow-orange disc was formed, and transformed itself into a purple doughnut. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. By 1947, over 1,300 B-29 and B-24 bombers had passed through the Marianas, Kwajalein, Johnston Island, and Oahu en route to Mather Field and civilian life. Of course, to the casual observer, Johnston, which lies some 700 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii and is surrounded by 750,000 square miles of ocean, might already qualify as a wasteland. The last flight out for official personnel was June 15, 2004. It consists of four small islands on a raised coral atoll formation that are partially enclosed on the north and west by a 7.5-mile (12-km) semicircular reef. The final Fishbowl launch that used a Thor missile carried the "Kingfish" 400-kiloton warhead up to its 98-kilometer (61mi) detonation altitude. The base had six 2.5-megawatt electrical generators using diesel engines. The USCG was granted permission to install a LORAN A and C station on Sand Island to be staffed by U.S. Coast Guard personnel through June 30, 1992. Thus, some of the configuration details of SAMOS were decided less by engineering logic than by the need to camouflage GAMBIT and thus, in theory, a GAMBIT could be launched without alerting many people to its real nature. [12] The islands were not officially named until Captain Charles J. Johnston of the Royal Naval ship HMSCornwallis sighted them on December 14, 1807. Learn more about invasive species At one time over 1,200 military and military contractor personnel lived at the Johnston Atoll. [20] The Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge was established to protect the tropical ecosystem and the wildlife that it harbors. [74][75] Full eradication of the species from the atoll was achieved in 2021. Three months of repairs, decontamination, and rebuilding the LE1 as well as the backup pad LE2 were necessary before tests could resume. USFWS teams carry out environmental monitoring and maintenance to protect the native wildlife. The 5th Battalion departed in January 1943. Come explore all Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge has to offer! This makes them incredibly vulnerable to introduced species like cats, rats, and miceand the smallest invader Technical assistance is the cornerstone of the Coastal Programs conservation approach. [59] The remainder of the chemical weapons was a small number of World War II era weapons shipped from the Solomon Islands. 166 to the Coast Guard buoy tender Kukui on December 6, 2007. The base was used to store Agent Orange between April 1972 and September 1977. The island has had two RCRA permits to store or treat hazardous waste, the JACADS facility permit and the Johnston Atoll permit. The runway was also available to commercial airlines for emergency landings (a fairly common event), and for many years it was a regular stop on Continental Micronesia airline's "island hopper" service between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands. It seems easy to ride a bike around there but difficult to operate ham radio where it's commonly known DXpedition operators leave no footprints on such trips. On February 14, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8682 to create naval defense areas in the central Pacific territories. After placement of the debris inside the bunkers, they were secured and the entries blocked with a concrete block barrier (a.k.a. The proposed sale included the unique postal zip code 96558, formerly assigned to the Armed Forces in the Pacific. The eastern eye-wall passed directly over the atoll, with winds exceeding 100mph (160km/h). Possessions", "Toxic Caviar: Using Fish Embryos to Monitor Contaminant Impacts", "Feds want to bury Johnston Island's radioactive matter", "Unusual Real Estate Listing # 6384-Johnston Island", "Coast Guard Successful on Risky Medevac from Johnston Island", "Biological Volunteers Needed - Johnston Atoll", "Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument Volunteer Powerpoint", "Yellow Crazy Ant Eradication, Johnston Atoll Update, May 2011", "U.S. Prince William Henry, William Wake, master, of London, we both ran ashore on the North-side of a reef of Coral rocks and sand, where we continued until the next day noonat which time the weather being very clear, we saw two small Islands of Sand, bearing W by N. 4 or 5 miles distant; and from our topgallant-mast-head, we saw the shoal extending E.S.E. The Air Force submitted an application to EPA to renew the permit in 2011 and submitted an updated application in September 2018 (see below). Johnston Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge and part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. [11], The first Western record of the atoll was on September 2, 1796, when the Boston-based American brig Sally accidentally grounded on a shoal near the islands. In February 1941 Johnston Atoll was designated as a Naval Defensive Sea Area and Airspace Reservation. There were no comments on the proposed draft permit. It consists of four small islands on a raised coral atoll formation that are partially enclosed on the north and west by a 7.5-mile (12-km) semicircular reef. Amateur radio operators occasionally transmitted from the island, using the KH3 call-sign prefix. The ship's captain, Joseph Pierpont, published his experience in several American newspapers the following year giving an accurate position of Johnston and Sand Island along with part of the reef, but did not name or lay claim to the area. Learn more about national wildlife refuge "[19] Johnston Atoll was added to the United States National Wildlife Refuge system in 1926, and renamed the Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge in 1940. The four islands compose a total land area of 2.67 square kilometers (1.03 square miles). Johnston Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge and part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. They erected some buildings and a boat landing on Sand Island and blasted coral to clear a 3,600 feet (1,100m) seaplane landing. Those activities left the area environmentally contaminated, and monitoring continues. Good place for it. [66], Rows of bunkers in the Red Hat Storage Area remain intact; however, an agreement was established between the U.S. Army and EPA Region IX on August 21, 2003, that the Munitions Demilitarization Building (MDB) at JACADS would be demolished and the bunkers in the RHSA used for disposal of construction rubble and debris. The Daegu, Korea site was closed due to encroaching city lights. The same day, the "derelict and abandoned" atoll was declared part of the domain of Kamehameha IV. The missile engine malfunctioned immediately after ignition, and the range safety officer fired the destruct system while the missile was still on the launch pad. One experiment involved a number of barges loaded with hundreds of rhesus monkeys. [4], About 300 species of fish have been recorded from the reefs and inshore waters of the atoll. The surrounding waters of the atollare made up of acoralreef the extends approximately 11 miles east-southeast and five miles south of Johnston. JACADS was demolished by 2003 and the island was stripped of its remaining infrastructure and environmentally remediated. PROVIDENCE - A Johnston-based real estate investment firm, the company's founder, and a person who held himself out to be a negotiator on behalf of financially distressed homeowners but who was, in reality, associated with the real estate investment firm, have been indicted by a federal grand jury on charges they participated in a series of schemes to defraud homeowners and financial . The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks led to Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty that prohibited 'interference with national means of verification', which meant that ASAT's were not allowed, by treaty, to attack Russian spy satellites. The U.S. Johnston Atoll is an unincorporated territory of the United States, currently administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Johnston is a coral atoll about 700 mi southwest of Hawaii. [30], On May 26, 1942, a United States Navy Consolidated PBY-5 Catalina wrecked at Johnston Atoll. 190 26 E., having a dangerous reef to the east of them, and the whole not exceeding four miles in extent". [24] The Administration of President Barack Obama in 2014 extended the protected area to encompass the entire Exclusive Economic Zone, by banning all commercial fishing activities. Covers stopover at Johnston Island by President Richard M. Nixon en route to the USS HORNET to greet Apollo 11 astronauts after their moon trip. The surrounding waters are home to a large variety of fishes and to other marine animals such as green sea turtles; in addition, vast numbers of seabirds visit the islands. [7], Seabird species recorded as breeding on the atoll include Bulwer's petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Christmas shearwater, white-tailed tropicbird, red-tailed tropicbird, brown booby, red-footed booby, masked booby, great frigatebird, spectacled tern, sooty tern, brown noddy, black noddy, and white tern. In 1993 a satellite communication ground station was added to augment the atoll's communications capability. [66], On December 9, 2007, the United States Coast Guard swept the runway at Johnston Island of debris and used the runway in the removal and rescue of an ill Taiwanese fisherman to Oahu, Hawaii. Large pieces of the plutonium contaminated missile, including pieces of the warhead, booster rocket, engine, re-entry vehicle and missile parts, fell back on Johnston Island. Apparently neither the quantity nor the quality of the guano was sufficient to pay for gathering it, so that the project was soon abandoned. One conducted August 1, 1958, was codenamed "Hardtack Teak" and one conducted August 12, 1958, was codenamed "Orange." The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory also operated a dozen 3.5 ton Baker-Nunn Camera systems (none at Johnston) for cataloging of man-made satellites. Aloha Airlines also made weekly scheduled flights to the island carrying civilian and military personnel; in the 1990s there were flights almost daily, and some days saw up to three arrivals. Afterward, the Johnston Island launch complex was heavily damaged and contaminated with plutonium. The expedition to the atoll consisted of two teams accompanied by destroyer convoys, with the first departing Honolulu on July 7, 1923, aboard the USSWhippoorwill, which conducted the first survey of Johnston Island in the 20th century. All of the chemical weapons once stored on Johnston Island were demilitarized and the agents incinerated at JACADS, with the process completed in year 2000, followed by the destruction of legacy hazardous waste material associated with chemical weapon storage and cleanup. [30] Several seaplanes made flights from Hawaii to Johnston, such as that of a squadron of six aircraft in November, 1935. Established as a bird refuge in 1926,and managed today as a national wildlife refuge [17] Baker-Nunn were rendered obsolete with the Initial Operational Capability of 3 GEODSS optical tracking sites at Daegu, Korea; Mount Haleakala, Maui and White Sands Missile Range. From 1990 until 1993, the Army conducted four planned periods of Operational Verification Testing (OVT), required by Public Law 100456. The atoll subsequently became a storage facility for chemical weapons, and it was managed by the Defense Nuclear Agency (now part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency) from 1974 to 1999, when the U.S. Air Force resumed control. Johnathan King, 31, admitted to the court that on May 25, 2021, he arranged to sell and have delivered 4,000 fentanyl pills to a person who arranged for the purchase while under surveillance by members of the Rhode Island DEA Drug Task Force. buffalo bayou park stairs; Tags . [45] The Air Force program was used as a cover for the initial development of the Central Intelligence Agency's Key Hole (including Corona and Gambit) reconnaissance satellites systems. Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is located in the central Pacific Ocean, 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu. 2) Sign: WELCOME TO JOHNSTON ATOLL LT COL C.E. Law enforcement issues should be referred to the deputy refuge manager or refuge manager. In lat. Buildup of Johnston Atoll - YouTube Johnston Island played an important role in Operation Dominic, the 1962 atmospheric nuclear test series conducted by the United States. 4) Spectators in roped-off area. More wreckage along with plutonium contamination was found on nearby Sand Island. [49] [2], It is a dry atoll with less than 20 inches (510mm) of annual rainfall. The plutonium-contaminated rubbish was dumped in the lagoon, polluting the surrounding marine environment. Updates? Johnston Atoll is an unincorporated U.S. territory situated in the North Pacific Ocean. A national wildlife refuge is typically a contiguous area of land and water managed by theU.S. Sighted in 1807 by an English mariner, Captain C.J. Part of the lagoon was dredged and the excavated material was used to make a parking area connected by a 2,000-foot (610m) causeway to Sand Island. U.S. Defense Department officials confirm that when the rocket was destroyed, it contributed to the radioactive pollution on the island. It too was a genuine disaster and caused the most serious plutonium contamination on the island. of Sept. 1796, at midnight, in company with the sch. [17] The United States Undersea Cable Corporation was awarded contracts to lay underwater cable in the Pacific. The fisherman was transferred from the Taiwanese fishing vessel Sheng Yi Tsai No. Located716 nautical miles southwest from Honolulu, the formation of theatoll began 70 million yearsago through a series of underwater volcanic eruptions. [47], During the early months of the SAMOS program it was essential not only to hide the Corona and GAMBIT technical efforts under a screen of SAMOS activity, but also to make the orbital vehicle portions of the two systems resemble one another in outward appearance. Several buildings including the power station were hit, but no personnel were injured. The second launch of the Fishbowl series, "Bluegill", carried an active warhead. An estimated 10 percent of the plutonium from the test device was in the fill used to make the ramp. When the runway was decommissioned, it could no longer be used as a potential emergency landing place when planning flight routes across the Pacific Ocean. 15. They nest mostly on the ground, in burrows, or in the low-lying native plants like naupaka. It allows us to have a broader impact on conservation by facilitating evidence-based decisions, refining conservation plans and policies, and improving the science of restoration. Access to the atoll is via ocean vessel. Reel 1: 1) Photographic and recording equipment. [17] On its July visit, however, the Palestine left two crew members on the island to gather phosphate. Looking at a closeup, it appears that the buildings were razed, although I suppose it is possible that the sand-colored stuff where the buildings used to be is the result of another editing job. Watch on. Mapping plays an important role in conservation. A tour of Johnston Atoll, KH3. Published by at November 26, 2020. Remediation included a plutonium "mining" operation called the Johnston Atoll Plutonium Contaminated Soil Cleanup Project. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The 2000 census counted 315 people on Johnston Atoll and 1 person on Wake There has been no indigenous population, except at the 1940 census. Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency.It was launched from Johnston Atoll on July 9, 1962, and was the largest nuclear test conducted in outer space, and one of five conducted by the US in space.. A Thor rocket carrying a W49 thermonuclear warhead (designed at . An official website of the United States government. [22], There were many times when the runway was needed for emergency landings for both civil and military aircraft. (see below). The permit for a LORAN station to operate on Johnston Island was terminated in 1962. N. and the shoal will not be seen. The troops scrubbed down the revetments and launch pad, carted away debris and removed the top layer of coral around the contaminated launch pad. Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is home to numerous species of unique wildlife. In about 1977, the camera at Sand Island was moved to Daegu, South Korea. Fish and Wildlife Service is partnering with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, state and territorial governments and others to conserve the ocean and remote islands and atolls in it. Missile launches and nuclear testing halted until the radioactive debris was dumped and soils were recovered and the launch emplacement rebuilt. Visitors have blogged about stopping there during a trip, or have posted photos of their visits. Three seaplane landings were cleared, one 11,000 feet (3,400m) by 1,000 feet (300m) and two cross-landings each 7,000 feet (2,100m) by 800 feet (240m) and dredged to a depth of 8 feet (2.4m). The uninhabited atoll was discovered in 1796 by an American ship, which ran aground there. [67] Some PCB contamination in the lagoon was traced to Coast Guard disposal practices of PCB-laden electrical transformers. [28], In 1970, operational control was handed back to the Air Force until July 1973, when Defense Special Weapons Agency was given host-management responsibility by the Secretary of Defense. [2] Today it is uninhabited except for a handful of workers with the Crazy Ant Strike Team project, who live on the island for six months at a time with little outside contact.[1]. [72], In 2010, a Fish and Wildlife survey team identified a swarm of Anoplolepis ants that had invaded the Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. A public comment period on the proposed draft permit was held from October 31, 2018 to December 19, 2018. A board shed was built on the southeast side of the larger island, and a small tramline run up onto the slope of the low hill, to facilitate the removal of guano. For nearly 70 years, the isolated atoll was under the control of the U.S. military. In the mid-1990s Johnston Island was the location of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) which was used for destruction of chemical agents. On October 15, 1962, the "Bluegill Double Prime" test also misfired. [44], Satellite and Missile Observation System Project (SAMOS-E) or "E-6" was a relatively short-lived series of United States visual reconnaissance satellites in the early 1960s. [52] First isolated in 1964 the tick-borne virus was discovered in Ornithodoros capensis ticks, found in a nest of common noddy (Anous stolidus) at Sand Island, Johnston Atoll. A fourth site was operational in 1985 at Diego Garcia and a proposed fifth site in Portugal was cancelled. Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. 16 52 N. long. All 12 survived and one wrote a first hand account of taking shelter from the storm in the JOC building. The hazardous waste management units associated with both permits have been closed and there are no hazardous waste management units operating at the Atoll at this time. 14. [2] With elevation ranging from sea level to 5m (16ft) at Summit Peak, the islands contain some low-growing vegetation and palm trees on mostly flat terrain, and no natural fresh water resources. When Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898, during the SpanishAmerican War, the name of Johnston Island was omitted from the list of Hawaiian Islands. 1 (LE-1) as a start for the cleanup program. The contaminated launch site was stripped, the debris gathered and buried in the island's 1962 expansion. Pad 2, Johnston Island LE2 Thor-Delta launch complex. [6] Many other cetaceans possibly migrate through the area, but the species being most notably confirmed is Cuvier's beaked whales. Most importantly, stay home if you feel sick and continue to watch for. In 2004 Johnston Atoll was decommissioned as a military installation, and it was named a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge. The subsequent nuclear weapon launch failures from Johnston Atoll caused serious contamination to the island and surrounding areas with weapons-grade plutonium and americium that remains an issue to this day. Although it was officially one of the Operation Fishbowl tests, it is sometimes not listed among high-altitude nuclear tests because of its lower detonation altitude. [27], From 1963 to 1970, the Navy's Joint Task force 8 and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) held joint operational control of the island during high-altitude nuclear testing operations. Permanent markers were placed at each corner of the landfill to identify the landfill area. Fish and Wildlife Service. [14], In 1856, the United States enacted the Guano Islands Act, which allowed citizens of the United States to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. [35] On December 15, 1941, the atoll was shelled outside the reef by a Japanese submarine, which had been part of the attack on Pearl Harbor eight days earlier. Thors were kept positioned and active near the two Johnston Island launch pads after 1964. Then the ramp was covered and placed into a 25 acres (100,000m2) landfill on the island during 1962 dredging to extend the island. Allen named the atoll "Kalama" and the nearby smaller island "Cornwallis."[16][17]. Tour de Johnston Atoll - Full Island Tour 2019. [42] The chemical weapons were brought from Okinawa under Operation Red Hat with the re-deployment of the 267th Chemical Company and consisted of rockets, mines, artillery projectiles, and bulk 1-ton containers filled with Sarin, Agent VX, vomiting agent, and blister agent such as mustard gas. Fish and Wildlife Service for the conservation and, where appropriate, restoration of fish, wildlife and plant resources and their habitats for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans. Launch Emplacement 2, This page was last edited on 1 November 2022, at 21:01. It is closed to public entry, and limited access for management needs is only granted by Letter of Authorization from the United States Air Force and a Special Use Permit from the U.S. Sep 7, 2021 | 4. niger), (Bacillus atrophaeus), Notes for Project SHAD presentation by Jack Alderson given to Institute of Medicine on April 19, 2012 for SHAD II study, "A Success Story, JACADS -U.S. Army's Chemical Materials Activity", "267th Unit History via Johnston Island Memories website", "A Success Story: Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System", "Final report of the Federal Task Force for Hazardous Materials Management of the Western Federal Regional Council Region IX, August 1, 1973 to June 30, 1977", "Lesser-Known Symbols of Minor U.S. [15] In June of the same year, S. C. Allen, sailing on the Kalama under a commission from King Kamehameha IV of Hawaii, landed on Johnston Atoll, removed the American flag, and claimed the atoll for the Kingdom of Hawaii. The stripped Johnston Island was briefly offered for sale with several deed restrictions in 2005 as a "residence or vacation getaway," with potential usage for "eco-tourism" by the GSA's Office of Real Property Utilization and Disposal. The reefs and shallow water abounded with fish and other marine life.[17]. Thor; Johnston Atoll was accidentally discovered on September 2, 1796 by Captain Joseph Pierpont of the American Brig Sally. Official reports of Generals Johnston and Beauregard of the battle of Manassas, July 21st, 1861. Johnston Atoll is an island located off the southwest coast of Hawaii. You may also report violations toour "TIPS" line 1-844-FWS-TIPS (379-8477). However, the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown on January 17, 1893. The coordinates of the detonation were 16 degrees, 28 minutes North latitude, 169 degrees, 38 minutes West longitude (30 km, or about 18 mi, southwest of Johnston Island). [22], Over the years, leaks of Agent Orange as well as chemical weapon leaks in the weapon storage area occurred where caustic chemicals such as sodium hydroxide were used to mitigate toxic agents during cleanup. One of the most isolated atolls in the world, Johnston Atoll is located in the central Pacific Ocean, between the Hawaiian Islands and the Line Islands. [61] Leaking barrels during the storage and spills during re-drumming operations contaminated both the storage area and the lagoon with herbicide residue and its toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.[62][63]. Please click here to see any active alerts. In July 1942, the civilian contractors at the atoll were replaced by 500 men from the 5th and 10th Naval Construction Battalions, who expanded the fuel storage and water production at the base and built additional facilities. The 1.03 square miles deserted island is approximately 750 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii, and it's currently grouped as one of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.. Accessing the Island . SAMOS was first launched in 1960, but not operational until 1963 with all of the missions being launched from Vandenberg AFB. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Website on Johnston Atoll. [71], Since the base was closed, the atoll has been visited by many vessels crossing the Pacific, as the deserted atoll has a strong lure due to the activities once performed there. In 1948, the USAF assumed control of the Atoll. A comprehensive radiological survey was completed in 1980 to record transuranic contamination remaining from the 1962 THOR missile aborts. 17. The islands were wired with 13 outgoing and 10 incoming commercial telephone lines, a 60-channel submarine cable, 22 DSN circuits by satellite, an Autodin with standard remote terminal, a digital telephone switch, the Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), a UHF/VHF air-ground radio, and a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network (PCTN) satellite. If you experience a problem reading a document with assistive technology, please contact us. Rainfall is sparse, and there are no sources of fresh water. These cables were manufactured by the Simplex Wire and Cable Company with the repeaters being supplied by Felten and Guilleaume. 169, 38 W. from London, on my passage from the Sandwich Islands to China, the 2d. [30]:160. At a speed of about fifty knots the plane swerved to the left and then continued into a violent waterloop. Studies at the atoll on the impact of PCB contamination in reef damselfish (Abudefduf sordidus) demonstrated that embryonic abnormalities could be used as a metric for comparing contaminated and uncontaminated areas. From assessing the value of lands for conservation to tracking the spread of an invasive species, maps help conservation managers make more effective decisions. southerly round to W.S.W.but how far we were not able to determine. [69][70], On August 22, 2006, Johnston Island was struck by Hurricane Ioke. The runway was complete by December 7, 1941, though in December 1943 the 99th Naval Construction Battalion arrived at the atoll and proceeded to lengthen the runway to 6,000 feet (1,800m). The island is home to thriving communities of nesting seabirds and has significant marine biodiversity. On January 16, 1893, the Hawaiian Legation at London reported a diplomatic conference over this temporary occupation of the island.
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