Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. Registered in England & Wales No. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). The country has also ample opportunity in. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. (. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Two of the most. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. (2010). The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Why poverty? The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Risk and resilience in a new era. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? In FY 2017/2018, the United . Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. . The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. 1. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. 1. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. . Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. See Solution. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. Because agriculture is the primary source for . Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). What is Ethiopia weakness? The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Check out a sample Q&A here. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO .
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